English Part-Contents

In this study, this study proposes a methodology for classifying electrocardiogram (ECG) signals into normal and myocardial infarction (MI) classes. The methodology consists of three main steps: pre-processing, segmentation, and classification. ECG signals obtained from the PTB database are initially subjected to pre-processing using the Daubechies wavelet transform to filter out noise and enhance signal quality. Subsequently, the signals are segmented into 651-sample segments and further reduced to 500 samples per segment for dimensionality reduction. These segmented signals serve as input data for a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, which extracts relevant features and performs the classification task. The proposed methodology achieves an impressive classification accuracy of 97.8% for ECG signals. These findings highlight the effectiveness of our approach in accurately distinguishing between normal and MI ECG patterns.

Keywords: electrocardiogram (ECG) · myocardial infarction (MI) · convolutional neural network (CNN) · Daubechies wavelet transform.

In this paper, we study bounds for the Taylor–Maclaurin coefficients and , in the open unit disk . To this purpose, we establish two new subclasses of analytic and univalent functions, in addition to bi-univalent functions associated with a generalized derivative operator.

Keywords

Analytic and univalent functions, Bi-univalent functions, Coefficients bounds, Derivative operator, Starlike and convex functions.

Libya covers a massive area and as most of the different mammals found in it are small and nocturnal, active by night and hiding in the day, they are not easily recognized. The aim of this study is establishing national Libyan records on some morphological features of a wildlife animal, the long eared hedgehog. The investigation has been described the macro and micro morphology of an active organ involved in genesis of blood cells, the liver. The impartial has been accomplished by using one-day old and adult long-eared hedgehog from Benghazi province. The organs were defined in situ. Stained tissue sections were prepared to record the light microscopic features. Liver had a position in the abdominal cavity similar to that of other mammals. Only lobules of the new born animals showed hematopoietic activity.

keywords

Libyan long-eared hedgehog, Hedgehog Hematopoiesis, blood cells, liver of hedgehog.

This paper compares a finite difference method-based computational scheme for evaluating electromagnetic field problems in power transmission lines in cases of on surface and in Ground. The scheme uses Maxwell's partial differential equations to represent electric, magnetic field components, and approximate boundary conditions. The High Order Compact Method (HOC) is applied to estimate the electric field Ez in ground and compares it with the standard central difference scheme. The HOC produces more accurate results than the traditional central approximation at 99.7% for the electric field Ez. It also calculates both of Electric and magnetic fields intensities to evaluate the effect of Electric and magnetic intensities in ground and on surface respect to distance.

Keywords - Power Transmission Line- Central Difference Scheme - High Order Compact, Boundary conditions, Electric intensity, magnetic intensity

     Plants are a valuable source of a wide range of natural products (secondary metabolites) ^[1]. Secondary metabolites are chemicals or compounds present in plants that are not involved in the primary biochemical processes of plant growth and reproduction. Plant secondary metabolites however are known to play a crucial role in plant protection from insect predation or grazing by herbivores and adaptation of plants to their environment ^[2,3]. The secondary metabolites are biosynthesized from primary metabolites by several pathways such as shikimic acid, tricarboxylic acid cycle and malonic acid pathways ^[3]. These plant materials or compounds fall into the category of saponins, tannins, lignins, volatile oils, alkaloids to mention a few ^[2]. Discoveries in plant secondary metabolites state that different biosynthetic pathways are responsible for diversity of classes or/and groups of plant components for example. 29,000 terpenes resulting from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), 12,000 alkaloids from (amino acid) and 8,000 phenolics produced by shikimate or acetate malonate pathway. IPP modification pathway leads to a series of monoterpene compounds, mainly, (-) limonene, (-) isopiperitenone, (+) isomenthone, (-) –menthol ^[4], It has been confirmed that the above compounds belong to the monoterpene groups that play important protective role in the plant kingdom. Limonene and menthol are two well - known monoterpenes, which serve as defenses against insects and other organisms feeding on plants [4]. The biosynthetic pathways of different terpene groups from plants. During this process, IPP and DMAPP are converted to give diverse groups of terpenes that play important role in plant protection. ^[4,5].  These components have complex and unique structures, resulting from both biotic and abiotic stress enhanced conditions, are stored in specific cells and/or organs of the plant, and often accumulate in vacuoles. ^[5]

Keywords: Coriandrum Sativum: Extraction: Filtration: Evaporation: GC/MS technique                      

This study aims to shed light on the development of a method of oxidizingb- methylanthraquinone and to synthesis a group of Anthraquinones derivatives, the most famous of which are Aloe Emodin, Rhein and Rheinal.

This study aims to identify the best conditions and factors through which -b-methylanthraquinone is oxidized in terms of the appropriate oxidizing agent, its quantity, method of stirring, duration of stirring, temperature, and other factors, and to study the effect of each factor and choose the most appropriate.

Then, the various products of the oxidation process are separated and identified using scientific methods in order to benefit from them in various chemical processes.

In conclusion, the ideal conditions for the gradual oxidation process of b- methylanthraquinone were determined by studying the effect of the amount of oxidant, temperature, and duration of heating on the oxidation reaction, and the intermediate products of the oxidation process were separated and identified using scientific methods.

This method has the advantages of convenient operation, low cost, low pollution and easy manufacturing. These anthraquinone compounds can serve as new materials that can be widely applied in industries such as dyes, textiles, electronics, and papermaking.

The researcher recommends paying attention to: b-methylanthraquinone oxidation processes because it has multiple uses, such as manufacturing pharmaceutical raw materials, perfumes, chemical industries, and dyes, and it has significant therapeutic effects as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-tumor.

Keywords: b-methylanthraquinone ، Oxidation ، Aloe Emodin, Rhein and Rheinal.

The use of HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes is widely advocated despite studies that show there a

re many factors that influence the level of HbA1c, such as RBC parameters hemoglobin concentration and RBCs life span. This study investigates the relationship between HbA1c levels and hemoglobin concentration in diabetic and non-diabetic Libyan females, both pregnant and non-pregnant. Ninety-nine blood samples were collected from Zuwara General Hospital, Al Ain Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Disease, and Al Zawia Diabetes Center. These samples were analyzed using Cobas Integra 400plus for HbA1c and Sysmex XP300 for hemoglobin concentration, with statistical analysis conducted via IBM SPSS Statistics software. The results include: Diabetic non-pregnant women had significantly higher HbA1c levels (8.13±0.44) compared to non-diabetic non-pregnant women (5.18±1.31) (t = -4.575, p < 0.001). Non-pregnant women had a higher RBC count (5.92±0.33) than pregnant women (4.06±0.50) (t = -3.001, p = 0.012). A strong positive correlation was found between HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (FBS) in diabetic non-pregnant women (r = 0.801, p < 0.001). HbA1c and FBS levels did not show significant association with anemia indicators (RBC count and HGB levels) in both diabetic and non-diabetic women, regardless of pregnancy status. Diabetic women, both pregnant and non-pregnant, had higher HbA1c and FBS levels compared to non-diabetic women. Non-pregnant women, irrespective of diabetes status, had higher HbA1c, RBC count, and FBS levels compared to pregnant women. Hemoglobin (HGB) levels did not significantly differ between groups, suggesting pregnancy status and diabetes do not significantly impact HGB levels. The study concludes that further research is needed to identify factors affecting HbA1c levels.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, Blood sugar, RBC parameters, 

This project investigated the stresses developed in a thick-walled cylinder for rocket motor case under internal pressure. Stress analysis used the finite element method with ANSYS software for rocket motor case selection. This study focus on structural elastic analysis of thick-walled pressure vessels since it is a common design practice to aim at maintaining the induced stresses within the elastic region. However, pressure vessels operate under complex environments such as high pressure which may lead to gross plastic deformation and subsequent failure. In process, the pressure vessel is pressurized beyond the yield point. As a result, the conventional elastic analysis will not be applicable at internal pressures above the yield point. Therefore, it is important to examine the structural integrity of a thick-walled pressure vessel in both elastic and plastic state of the material.

 In this study, FE static structural analysis of a presumably untracked thick-walled solid rocket motor case has been presented, where stress distribution within the motor case wall and the resulting material deformation were investigated using ANSYS 19.2. Motor case has been designed with uniform model of the same internal and external diameter, and motor case with diameter change at both sides is modeled to investigate the effect of the diameter change or shape discontinuity on the resulting of stresses and deformation using ANSYS program by applying internal pressure varying from 50 Bars to 350 Bar. Von Mises yield criteria were used by ANSYS program and calculated Von Mises stresses were compared; the results are close for elastic analysis. The results show that the Von Mises stresses was high for discontinues shape of motor case compared by the uniform motor case (constant thickness).

(Key words)

Pressure Vessel , Finite Element Method:FEM, ANSYS Software, Thick-Walled Pressure Vessel

  This review article aimed to summarize the latest publications findings on obligate Marine fungi from east and west coasts of Libya. The fungi recorded have been found in nearly every marine habitats examined ,Sand buried wood, Seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocya nodosaa ,Driftwood ,Brown Algae Cystoseira compressa, and recently the Sparids Diplodus sargus (Linnceus )1958.

Key words: Marine fungi, Driftwood, Brown Algae, Seagrasses, seasediments and Sand barried wood. 

The area suitable for cultivation globally is limited and much of it needs large quantities of irrigation water to sustain crop production. However, at least 99 % of the World's water is not suitable for use in agriculture because it is either saline or frozen (Peterson, 1971). Many other areas of cultivated land are prone to water shortages. Drought has one of the largest negative effects on global food production. This was attributed to the effect of drought on numerous physiological, morphological and developmental processes (Saki nejad et al. 2002). For example, extremely drought conditions could lead to reduced cell turgor which causing closure of stomata and decreasing in cell expansion, thus reducing the surface of leaf area and photosynthesis process (Syed and Rehana, 2007; Kramer, 1983).                                                                 

According to GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality, Endometrium cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in women after Breast cancer. However, it is also one of the treatable cancers if detected early. Radiologists read uterine ultrasound images manually, which is a difficult and confusing procedure that causes them to make mistakes and missing detecting malignancy. The focus of this paper is to look at the possibilities of detecting and classifying Endometrium cancer using image-processing techniques. To improve image detection, the quality of the input uterine ultrasound image was first enhanced during the preprocessing stage by removing noises and improving image contrast. Following that, a set of sequence techniques, thresholding image masking were used to remove of artifacts and labels form uterine ultrasound images. Filtering techniques are used to refine enhancement process, fussy logic is used to enhance edge detection, finally, k means and automatic thresholding were used for Uterine ultrasound image to obtain region of interest (ROIs) which is endometrium region, and the radiologist can as normal and abnormal. A MATLAB environment is used to examine the proposed approaches and the outperform results was achieved using Median Filter for a high quality Ultrasound 512X512 image size that affected by Salt and Pepper noise with 86.99% classification accuracy using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metric. 

 The new era of distance education opens up a new problem space for researchers to redefine educational needs. The COVID-19 lockdown with its tremendous consequences has affected the way of thinking and acting and has highlighted the merits of distance education. One of the most important of these problems is the inability of the lecturer technically to manage and present remote lectures, which resulted in the student's dissatisfaction with distance education. In this research, we have studied how to facilitate the work of the lecturer, who suffers from many problems, including the technical issues‎ that need technical competencies in the field of information technology and modern technologies used in distance education, including the simulation system and displaying the system via the Internet, studying how to help the student also, in receiving distance education techniques and dealing with the programs used by the lecturer in skillfully presenting educational curricula. For that, the research focused on studying how to use a team to facilitate this ‎work called the E-Learning Facilitator Team.‎ This team plays a vital role in developing and maintaining an online program that is effective, and smooth, and that will support the realization of the planned learning outcomes. Faculty delivering courses online must be more than transmitters of knowledge; they must become facilitators of learning. Some highly seasoned instructors from the traditional on-ground environment will quickly adapt to the online model, while others may find the transition challenging at first 

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        Hawa Ayad Hawa.Ayad@bsu.edu.ly

 the method of moments (MoM), also known as the moment method and method of weighted residuals, is a numerical method in computational electromagnetics using on the solution of radiation and scattering problems involving conducting, dielectric, and composite objects. This study  is centered on air effects on the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation for a hypersonic vehicle passing through inhomogeneous medium (plasma slab) where it is measured the transmission coefficient of the plasma sheath by using the moment  (MOM) method.

The genus Chrozophora is a large genus belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae with adifference, Species that possess different biological activities such as C. oblongifolia that possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.  Due to the lack of research related to studying the microbial effect of C.oblongifoliae   this research aims to evaluation the inhibitory of Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of C. oblongifolia against some microbes. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts  were prepared in the laboratory of the  Pharmacy College  University of Aden . The results of this study both  alcoholic and aqueous extracts had significant effects at all microgronisms tested indicating by increasing of inhibition diameter zone compare to control. However the ethanolic extract showed higher effects comparing to the aqueous extracts. This effects of plant extracts due to available of many active ingredients in chrozophora plants.

The structural genes for Shiga-like toxin (slt A and slt B) in Escherichia coli appear to be transcribed as an operon from a promoter upstream of slt A. The slt Gene was the target gene wants to study or manipulated using a transposable element that carries the phoA gene, which encodes alkaline phosphatase enzyme, this enzyme can be used as a reporter for slt-II gene expression and protein localization. In this study we used gene fusion techniques, to form a slt-II ::TnphoA fusion, attempting  to make a gene fusion between the promoter and proximal portion of s1t A gene with the gene for bacterial alkaline 2 phosphatase to assess the regulation of Shiga-like toxin expression, and gene expression, protein localization, and functional characterization of slt-II genes. A gene fusion between the slt-ll operon and the transposon vector TnphoA, such that expression of the phoA gene was brought under the control of the slt-II promoter, was then developed. The presence and site of insertion of TnphoA within the  operon was confirmed by restriction analysis. Use of the resulting single copy fusion derivative and a plasmid encoded a slt-II::TnphoA fusion demonstrated significant differences in the synthesis, secretion and localisation abilities of  slt-II  during growth.  These characteristics could have important implications on the relative abilities of the toxins to cause disease in vivo. This specific type of fusion involves combining the slt gene with the TnphoA transposon, which includes the phoA gene.  We used the construction derivative of transposon TnS that permits the generation of hybrid proteins composed of alkaline phosphatase lacking its signal peptide fused to amino-terminal sequences of other proteins. Such a hybrid gives alkaline phosphatase activity if the protein fused to alkaline phosphatase contributes sequences that promote export and thus compensate for the missing alkaline phosphatase signal peptide. We explained of how such a gene fusion can be formed. Plasmid NTP707 contains a 4.7 Kb EcoRI fragment encoding the entire slt-II operon, inserted into the chloramphenicol resistance (Cmr) gene of plasmid pACYC184. The recombinant plasmid NTP707 (Willshaw et al„ 1987) was electroporated into E. coli CC118 and transformants selected on LB+Tc plates.  TnphoA was introduced by transduction of a log phase culture of CC118 (pNTP707) with lambda TnphoA (Gutierrez et al., 1987). Growth of transformants on LB+Tc+Kn (300)+XP plates selected for transposition of TnphoA onto the high copy number plasmid vector. CC118 was retransformed with plasmid preparations of the transformants and blue colonies on LB+Tc+Kn (50)+XP plates isolated. These contained in-frame fusions of TnphoA to secreted gene products on plasmid NTP707.  Plasmid DNA was prepared from transformants displaying Tc resistance (Tcr), restricted with SmaI-PstI and electrophoresed on an agarose gel. Restriction with Smal-Pstl produced the expected 8 and 0.85 Kb fragments (figure 6), confirming the presence of pNTP707 within E. coli CC118. Both the plasmid containing the slt-II gene and the TnphoA transposon vector are digested with restriction enzymes to create compatible ends for ligation. To more finely define the site of insertion of TnphoA within this fusion plasmid, this plasmid was restriction mapped using single and multiple restriction endonucleases. The enzymes used were EcoRI, EcoRV, Pstl, Smal. It became evident almost immediately from the pattern of EcoRI digested plasmid DNA (figure 6), that the location of the fusion joint was not randomly distributed over the whole slt-II operon. In the formation of a slt::TnphoA gene fusion (figure 13), both the A and B subunits are synthesised with amino terminal signal sequences.  TnphoA can therefore fuse into either subunit gene and be exported into the periplasm to give enzyme activity. As both genes are transcribed from a single promoter upstream of the A subunit gene in slt-II both possible gene fusions allow monitoring of slt-II gene expression to be undertaken. 

The facile synthesis of ultra stable gold nanoparticles (GNPSs) is demonstrated using extrat of origanum majorana L. The best parameters for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles were PH and concentration, the absorption increases with increasing PH from 4.3 to 6 and from PH=7 to 9.5 the absorption decreases. The PH of the reaction medium gives AUNPs nanoparticles of different shapes . At low concentration of extract give different nanostructure while at higher concentration the nanoparticles are capped with the extract constituents and only spherical particles exist. The results were verified using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, FTIR spectra, , the TEM images showed that a mixure of shapes ( triangle, spherical and hexagonal). 

 Abstract :

The primary motivation of the paper is to define a new class which consists of univalent functions and study some properties of certain subclass of analytic functions  which defined by generalized derivative operator on the open unit disc .  

Abstract

Leishmaniasis comprises a crucial complex of protozoa vector-borne diseases affecting both humans and animals. It can be caused by various species of Leishmania. While a few of these organisms primarily thrive in humans, the majority circulate predominantly in animals, with most being zoonotic. Transmission of Leishmaniasis occurs through sandflies, making prevention challenging. Additionally, some drugs used for treatment pose significant side effects or have limited availability outside endemic regions. Cutaneous leishmaniasis manifests as ulcers, macules, papules, or nodules on the skin caused by Leishmania.. The recent increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis infections is attributed to apparent lethargy, exacerbated by the instability and chaos in the country. This upward trend is a perilous indicator, underscoring the urgency of conducting extensive studies on this endemic disease. The aim of the present study is identify infection rates among males and females of various age groups in the study area and ascertain the extent of the disease's prevalence in the Libyan West and determine its annual increase in the study areas. Material and methods for the cases were distributed across 12 regions during three time periods (2020, 2021, & 2022). Sample data were collected from individuals at the National Center for Communicable Diseases Control in Tripoli, the results shown that the number of cases for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis was 497. These cases were classified into males and females, with 310 cases recorded for males and 187 for females, according to data it were 62.37% for

 males and 37.63% for females. In conclusion the age group 41-50 exhibited the highest rate of infection, it can be concluded that several key features require consideration. Lastly, but importantly, there is a need to raise awareness among the population about the severity of this disease and disseminate health advice to prevent infection with this epidemic.

Keywords: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; transmission; infections; protozoa parasites.

Abstract.

  This study explores the potential of advanced deep learning techniques, specifically the YOLOv8 architecture, for enhancing stroke detection within MRI imaging. Utilizing the well-established ISLES dataset, we aimed to improve detection accuracy through rigorous preprocessing and data augmentation techniques. By implementing the YOLOv8x model variant, known for its high precision, we conducted a series of experiments to assess the impact of data augmentation on model performance. The experiments were structured around training the model for 60 epochs under different conditions, including original and augmented datasets. The performance was evaluated based on the mean Average Precision (mAP), with the augmented dataset experiment yielding the highest mAP of 96.21%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining advanced YOLO architectures with extensive data augmentation in improving the accuracy and reliability of stroke detection in MRI images. The study underscores the significant potential of integrating AI-driven methods into diagnostic workflows, contributing to early and accurate stroke diagnosis.

Keywords: Stroke Detection, YOLOv8x, Deep Learning, Computer-Aided Diagnosis.

Abstract: This review article aimed to identify the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Technique on children affected by Cerebral Palsy. Methods: electronic database were searched for experimental trials of Virtual Reality on children with cerebral palsy. Results:

The study revealed that applied V.R intervention come with many advantages specially on improving upper extremity function, walking and balance ability and used this intervention increased recently due to development in technology and easy accessible and less expensive for children to participate.

 Keywords: Virtual Reality-Cerebral Palsy. Video games, Rehabilitation

The present study deals with the flora of Wadi Yabraq and Al-Mahory villages in Al-wadie District, Abyan Governorate, the study was conducted during the period from August 2020 to December 2022, a number of field works were completed. About 295 taxa including species and sub-species, belonging to 175 genera and 59 families have been recorded. Among them two species belonging to Pteridophytes, The dicots are represented by 257species, these represent 87% of the total plant species of the study area, while the monocots are represented by 36 species represented 12%.

The most dominant families in the term of species richness were Asteraceae (28 species ; 14  genera) followed by Poaceae (23 species ; 19 genera), Apocynaceae ( 19 species ; 10 genera). The floristic analysis revealed the most abundant plant in the study area are Herbs This study also recorded new species as additions to the flora Abyan Governorate and recorded new specie as additions to the flora yemen Cleome glaucescens.

Keywords: flora, Yabraq Valley, Abyan Governorate. 

In this paper, the parameter design of the Taguchi method applied to set the optimal parameters for the effects on surface roughness of the finish hard turning of tool steel (AISI D3) experimentally and analytically were investigated.

The optimization of the CNC turning operation of given parameters that lead to fine surface for the parts that made of D3 using carbide cutting tool (coated insert cemented carbide) which have high resistance of deflection, wear was carried out.

To obtain the optimal surface finish conjunction, the Taguchi method used for optimization of the turning experiments based on a full factorial design, to determine three different parameters and levels by using orthogonal arrays, 9 experiments were obtained. Choice of three parameters (feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut) were important, the cutting parameters were selected as follow: Feed rate (0.075, 0.100, 0.125mm), cutting speed (170, 180, 200 m/min), depth of cut (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mm) these parameters were chosen according to SANDVIC tool manufacturing company. The series of turning experiments was performed to measure the surface roughness.

Keywords: Taguchi method, Tool steel (AISI D3), CNC turning. Carbide cutting tool, SANDVIC.

Austenitic stainless steels are very popular due to their high strength properties, ductility, excellent corrosion resistance and work hardening. This paper presents the test results for joining AISI 316 austenitic steel. The technologies used for joining were the most popular welding techniques such as TIG (welding with a non-consumable electrode in the shield of inert gases),

The objectives of this research is to study the effect of welding parameters on the microstructural features and the micro hardness austenitic stainless steel 316 pipes.

The welding process of Tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) process with stainless steel filler metalon austenitic stainless steel 316 pipes with outside diameter of 60mm and inside diameter of 55mm and 400mm length was carried using three different welding current of 130A,150A and 180A welding volte of 20V, welding speed and heat input. The welded pipe was left in offshore topside environment for six months.  Microstructural examinations in the face, center and root areas of the weld revealed different contents of delta ferrite with skeletal or lathy ferrite morphology. Additionally, the presence of columnar grains at the fusion line and equiaxed grains in the center of the welds was found.

The hardness value of the welded seam in these joints ranges from 101 to 123 HB.

Keywords: AISI 316, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, microstructure.

 This article focuses on the development of an interactive teaching aid designed to enhance student understanding of electric field (E) concepts in parallel plate capacitors. The teaching aid harnesses the computational capabilities of Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) to simulate and visualize the electric field distribution between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. By providing students with an engaging and visually appealing tool, the teaching aid aims to facilitate their learning process and deepen their understanding of electric field phenomena. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations of electric field analysis in parallel plate capacitors and presents the implementation details of the teaching aid using MATLAB. Additionally, the effectiveness of the teaching aid is evaluated through a pilot study involving a group of engineering students. The findings reveal that the teaching aid significantly improves students' understanding of electric field concepts and fosters greater engagement in the learning process. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on the potential applications of the teaching aid and proposes avenues for future enhancements

Keywords:

Electric field , parallel plate capacitors, MATLAB , learning process enhancement

New footprints of Theropod dinosaurs were discovered for the first time in 2006 near Sebha city in southwestern Libya. It’s the only known dinosaur record from the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous from the Mesak Formation in the Fezzan region of the southern part Libya.

Intensive field trips have been carried out on the Sebha dinosaur footprints in order to study these footprints in situ and taking their measurements such as their lengths, spacing, and directions, and comparing them to other similar footprints in available literature.

The dinosaur footprints have been examined, counted, measured, photographed and described in order to deduce the type of dinosaur, its size, shape, way of walking, type of potential food and if possible its social relations with others individuals.

183 clear dinosaur footprints were found and registered. At least two main sizes of footprints are defined and characterized and divided in two categories, namely large footprints and small ones. The size difference pointed to the existence of two animals, small and big Individuals. They may be a male or female animals.

The examined footprints/tracks made by an upright dinosaur stood and walked on its lower two feet on a wet and humid layer, which is composed of clay, silt and fine sand.

These footprints are suggesting that they may be attributed to the Theropod group of dinosaurs with a saber-toothed hip. The size of these footprints varies from 20 to 50 cm. The most frequent type is characterized by an angle of 50 to 70 degrees between the outermost digits.

The foot size suggests that the trace makers' height up to the pelvis ranged from 0.8 to 2 meters, while the overall length of the creature reached 8 meters from head to tail.

 By close look at the footprints, they have almost an equal distance between each footprint and the next one, which indicates that the animals were moving with coordinated normal steps and walking in their normal gait. They weren’t in a state of chase or escape from any potential dangers.

Based on the current stand of knowledge, we believe there are two possible interpretations for the good preservation of these footprints. Physical and chemical processes such as consolidation, cementation and forming a crust iron oxides played the most crucial role in preservation of the dinosaur footprints within fragile sediments consisting mainly of silt and mudstone beds covered by the thin layers of sandstone.

 Keywords: - Fezzan, Murzuq Basin, Mesak Formation, Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous and dinosaur footprints.

   The main aim of our investigation is to obtain necessary conditions for the generalized derivative operator to belong to the classes and. In addition, we obtain the distortion theorems for the classes and of our main results.

This study provides a entire slope stability analysis of the Euphrates Earth Dam, a key infrastructure task that serves as a number one source of water supply and flood control. The take a look at's goal is to study the dam's current balance, pick out likely failure modes, and suggest appropriate mitigating moves to improve long-term safety.

A thorough site research, including geological, geotechnical, seismic, and climatic critiques, became performed to determine the dam's foundation and embankment materials, groundwater situations, and seismic risks. Advanced numerical modelling approaches, which includes the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Difference Method (FDM), had been used to evaluate the aspect of safety towards quite a few failure modes, inclusive of planar, wedge, and rotating. Parametric studies had been completed to analyze the effect of soil traits, pore water pressure, and seismic pressure on slope stability.

The slope stability research recognized fundamental slip surfaces and capability failure mechanisms for upstream and downstream slopes beneath static and seismic strain conditions. The factors of safety were located to be quite better than the stipulated minimum values for static loading however lots lower for seismic loading scenarios. Sensitivity and probabilistic evaluations have been undertaken to decide the impact of uncertainties and variability within the enter parameters.

Based on the findings, mitigation techniques and layout hints have been evolved, together with slope   reinforcement, knocking down, drainage structures, slope protection measures, seismic layout concerns, and monitoring and instrumentation programs.

Implementing these moves is crucial for increasing the lengthy-term balance and protection of the Euphrates Earth Dam, proscribing the probability of catastrophic screw ups, and making sure the persevering with operation of this vital infrastructure.

Keywords: Slope stability, earth dam, numerical modeling, finite element method, seismic loading, mitigation measures.

The paper is devoted to increasing the fuel efficiency of gas turbine unites (GTU) of a simple cycle by using the heat of exhaust gases in the thermo transformers to cool the  intake  air . The type and rational  parameters  of  thermo transformers  according  to climatic conditions are determined. A fuel saving due to cooling of the air at the inlet of GTU in libya . Absorption lithium-bromide chiller (ABC) and refrigerant ejector chiller (REC) providing the GT intake air temperature decrease down to 15°С and 10°С respectively are discussed. The Calculate of refrigeration capacity of waste heat recovery chillers to provide the maximum it was shown that gas turbine intake air cooling down to the temperatures of 10°С and 7°С by absorption aqua-ammonia and refrigerant ejector chillers provides annular fuel saving and the cost fuel saving (1.5 - 2.0) times larger as compared with absorption lithium-bromide chiller providing a gas turbine intake air temperature decrease down to 15°С. The higher efficiency of gas turbine intake air deep cooling down to the temperatures of 10°С and 7°С by absorption aqua-ammonia and refrigerant ejector chillers has been proved as a result The annular fuel saving due to air cooling at the inlet of gas turbine generators by thermo transformers of different types has been evaluated for city (Hon) of Libya.   

Key words: gas turbine generator, fuel saving, absorption lithium-bromide chiller, refrigerant ejector chiller, absorption aqua-ammonia chiller, intake air cooling, exhaust gas waste heat recovery, climatic conditions, using the corresponding power sales as weights.

 This study explores the analysis of lossy microwave structures, focusing particularly on cavity and microstrip resonators, in terms of characteristic impedance, Q factor, and the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method. Microwave structures are pivotal in various applications, from consumer electronics to communication systems, due to their ability to manipulate microwave frequency signals. The research delves into the computation of conductor and dielectric losses, which are essential for understanding microwave circuit performance. Utilizing the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and TLM methods, the study compares the Q factor and visualizes the electric field distribution (Ez field) in both microstrip and cavity resonators. This comparison highlights the distinct energy storage and reflection characteristics inherent to each resonator type. Through simulation work and analysis, the paper elucidates the complex interplay between the physical design parameters and the operational efficacy of these resonators, thereby offering insights into optimizing microwave systems for enhanced performance.

The Libyan healthcare system faces significant challenges in medication management, with high rates of medication errors posing serious risks to patient safety. Digital transformation, particularly through the adoption of electronic medical prescriptions, offers a promising solution to enhance prescription accuracy, improve patient outcomes, and streamline healthcare processes. This technical paper examines the implementation of digital medical prescriptions in Libya, focusing on the role of health informatics, the validation of prescriptions, and the potential barriers to success. The paper also highlights efforts in Arab and African countries similar to Libya, showcasing best practices and lessons learned.

Keywords: Digital prescriptions, Libya healthcare system, Medication errors, Patient safety, Digital transformation, Prescription practices, Prescription accuracy, Handwritten prescriptions, Prescription software, electronic health record systems (EHRS).

Shelter is a basic necessity of life for all human beings. Beyond meeting this need shelter should also meet the requirements of their way of life and socio-cultural values; requirements such as privacy, security, recognition of religious considerations and the desire for prestige and status. Traditional forms of shelter are able to meet these requirements but the ability of more modern forms to do so is questionable. This can be attributed designer's incomplete or scarce knowledge about shelter design, both regarding the desires of the residents using  the shelter and the factors that determine their satisfaction with their housing environment.

The result g\ of rapid urbanization, a common characteristic of most developing countries, is the tendency to apply western technology and building methods without considering the socio-cultural values and needs of the society. It is more desirable to be selective, to choose what is appropriate rather than apply the imported technology wholesale. In the Libya, development has changed the physical and social contexts of the country. The housing sector in particular has expanded tremendously as a result of the oil economy, while the social life remains largely unaltered. People accept modern architecture, but also wish to preserve their indigenous socio-cultural values and identity. Moreover, contemporary housing differs greatly from traditional architecture with respect to scale, space organization, layout, land use, architectural style and house type. Indeed, contemporary architecture seems to reflect Western social values and norms and in Libya has failed to accommodate man's interaction with his environment, particularly in the context of use space

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the application of AudioML, a state-of-the-art language modelling technique, for Arabic audio generation. Focusing on two key Arabic speech datasets, the MGB-2 Arabic Speech Database and the Arabic Speech Corpus, we evaluate the performance of AudioML in synthesizing coherent, natural, and high-quality Arabic speech. Our results demonstrate that AudioML achieves a Word Error Rate (WER) of 15.80%, Character Error Rate (CER) of 6.45%, and Sentence Error Rate (SER) of 25.10% on the MGB-2 database, with slightly higher values on the Arabic Speech Corpus, including a WER of 18.20%, CER of 8.10%, and SER of 30.40%. These findings highlight AudioML’s effectiveness in handling the complexities of Arabic speech, confirming its suitability for a wide range of Arabic speech synthesis applications. Our study positions AudioML as a versatile and powerful tool for advancing Arabic speech technology.

Keywords: AudioML; Arabic Speech Synthesis; Arabic Speech Corpus (ASC); MGB-2 Database; Audio Generation; Language Modelling